Political Leadership and Organization

Introduction Leadership is a vital component in every society. It defines the values, goals, and objectives of people in the society. Effective leadership not only defines these elements, but also determines how they are achieved. The success of the political leadership and organization emanate from the leadership style of the leader.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Political Leadership and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, to ensure success of political leadership, it is important to work with good leaders who are focused on positive results. Good leadership depends on the leader’s individual qualities or character (Crick 23). Based on these assertions, this study will take a comparative stance by analyzing the good leaders, in particular Bill Clinton and John Kennedy. The characteristics of a bad leader will also be examined. In this comparison, the study will compare the New York Mayor Mr. Michael Bloomberg and the Toronto Mayor Mr. Rob Ford. Hypothesis Political leadership and organization require the leader to exhibit exemplary characters of charisma, good interpersonal skills, results orientation and good problem solving skills (Wren 132). The personal qualities of a potential leader determine the outcome for the whole nation, so superior intelligence and education are a must. It is crucial that the person is respectable, reliable and just. Since the market and economy greatly influence the outcome of the leader’s plans and goals it is their direct responsibility to predict any fluctuations and prevent loss of stability and control. This study will look at the relationship between a leader’s character and the success of the leadership style. Empirical/ Theoretical gap Political leadership and organization are among the most interesting topics that have attracted attention of various researchers and authors. Every leader faces a theo retical gap in relation to the practical control and functioning of a nation, and the knowledge or empirical understanding that was gained prior to becoming a member of the office. When an individual starts running for presidency or other leadership position, they will mobilize the resources and the political processes that are necessary for taking charge. Often, the internal politics are not as clear cut before the person gets the position in the government. As such, they must become aware of the current matters regarding the economy and policies that need to be changed or added.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Every good leader has the ability to organize and mobilize forces that are directed towards the greater good of the nation. Sometimes, before the leader is selected, a candidate will make promises that sound fair, but the reality is somewhat skewed, as many d etails are still unknown. As a result, the gap between theory and practice gets overlooked. This leads to promises that are broken, and a change in policies that was over optimistic beforehand. This is why foresight and empirical knowledge should be balanced with practice. Mr. Bill Clinton William Jefferson Blythe III (Bill Clinton) was one of the youngest presidents in America. The leader was elected to the office of the president as the 42nd president of the United States of America. Bill Clinton was also among the first Democratic presidents who managed to serve two terms in the office. Clinton attended Edmund Walsh School and Georgetown University where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree (Morris 100). There are several factors that make Bill Clinton a good leader who has ever ruled the U.S. Apart from being a charismatic and influential individual, the leader is mainly remembered for significant contributions to the development of the country. Contribution Bill Clint on was of one of the American presidents who managed to reduce the deficits in the federal budget and the economic recovery. The economic team appointed by the president played an important role in reducing the government expenditure and proper use of public resources. On the political front, Clinton facilitated the change process in the Democratic Party by ensuring that the party was open to many Americans from various dimensions of social life. The leader changed the party to accommodate the needs of minorities and other groups in the country. During Clinton’s reign, the Democratic Party played an important role in protecting the disadvantaged groups and stimulated economic development through government initiatives (Morris 112).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Political Leadership and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before his life in politics, Bill Clinton served in various lead ership capacities. This therefore indicates that Clinton was born with leadership qualities. He became the student leader of Georgetown University and was also the leader of the music band in college. Clinton was also involved in humanitarian initiatives displaying his leadership skills which made him an effective member. For instance, his reforms in the health sector were aimed at improving accessibility and quality of health care. He received higher ratings from the members of the public due to his charisma and concerted efforts to fight the spread of HIV/AIDS, as well as environmental problems such as global warming. Mr. John Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States of America. His accession to power was marked by contention when he narrowly defeated the Republican candidate Mr. Richard Nixon. He served from 1961 to 1963 when he was assassinated during a public rally. Prior to his political career, John Kennedy was a leader in various capacities especially in the military. His participation in the navy earned him recognition and awards for exemplary service. John Kennedy was a brilliant naval officer who is remembered for successfully leading his combat in Panama. In the navy, he rose to the ranks of a lieutenant and was in charge of a patrol board that toured the Pacific theater. Kennedy became a hero in the military sector when he saved the lives of his fellow naval officers when their boat capsized (Alford Newman 49). Contribution Comparing the achievement of the two leaders it is evident that John Kennedy’s achievements delved on a diverse range of issues in America. Clinton’s main achievement was based on economic improvement through reduced federal deficits. He also improved the education sector through adoption and enactment of various policies. John Kennedy on the other hand had achieved that touched on various aspects of life (Crick 110). Most Americans believe that John Kennedy was one of the most successful presidents that ever ruled America. It was during his reign that America managed to land on the moon. It was also through John Kennedy that America was able to overcome the invasion of Cuba and the Soviet Union.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The president also played an important role in ending racial segregation in various transport facilities and social institutions such as schools. Kennedy’s initiative to establish the Peace Corps program placed him in a position of great leaders. These achievements therefore tend to surpass the achievements that were attained by President Bill Clinton (Wren 121). Mr. Michael Bloomberg Mr. Michael Bloomberg is the one of the longest serving mayors of New York. Elected in the year 2001, Mr. Bloomberg greatly contributed to the development of the city in various aspects. He started his career at Salmon Brothers. However, he was laid off when the company was sold to another organization. After retrenchment, Mr. Bloomberg started his own company that offered business information and data management services to other organizations in New York (Bloomberg 23). Mr. Michael Bloomberg resigned from Bloomberg L.P. and joined politics in the year 2000. He decamped from the Democratic Part y to contest for the mayoral post on a Republican ticket. Contribution The mayor played an important role in transforming New York after the attacks of 2001. When he resumed office in the year 2001, the mayor introduced different policies that enhanced the performance of various sectors. For instance, in the year 2002, graduation from high school increased by more than 26%, crime rate decreased by 35%, and welfare rolls declined by more than 22%. The mayor also played an important role in reducing other social problems such teen smoking and alcohol abuse among the youths. Mr. Bloomberg was one of the mayors of New York who facilitated economic growth and the creation of new job opportunities for the youths (Crick 76). One of the key achievements that enabled the mayor to earn higher ratings from the public was his concerted effort to transform the education system. Bloomberg introduced new education policies, which improved the quality of education and rate of enrollment. Bloomberg is one of the most philanthropic individuals in the U.S. The mayor has participated in several charity programs, and has donated his time and resources to various community based initiatives. Before politics, Mr. Michael Bloomberg was a great business leader in various organizations. He led the financial and equity department of Salmon Brothers and later became the chief executive officer and chairman of Bloomberg P.L (Bloomberg 23). Mr. Rob Ford Robert Bruce Ford joined politics in the year 2000 when he was elected the councilor to represent Etobicoke Ward in Toronto. Ford was first elected to the mayoral seat in the year 2010. Mr. Rob Ford has been overwhelmed by his personal escapades, which have greatly comprised his leadership qualities. Mr. Rob Ford has been accused of mismanaging public funds, conflict of interests, and drug abuse (Goddard 2011). Before Rob Ford rose in politics, he had served in various leadership positions, especially in the business sector. The mayor had s erved as the director of the Ford Family Company before he was elected to mayoral positions (Wren 210). As such, even though he had experience as leader, and accomplished some changes for the city, his personal life became too detrimental to the office. Every leader must realize that they are constantly watched by the public, and their professionalism in public life and governmental positions must be aided by their personal life. Contribution As a leader, Ford has played an important role in ensuring that Toronto remains one of the safest cities with free health care programs. However, his critics believe that he has contributed to the collapse of the city council in Toronto. Mr. Ford has been blamed for mismanagement of funds. Compared to the New York Mayor, Mr. Ford was not focused on development, and did not implement change to policies and administration. Benefits of Comparison From the comparison of the various leaders discussed in this study, it is evident that leadership tran scends from the character of the individual. Comparison of political leaders also reveals how various leaders affect the growth and development in the society. From the comparison of Bill Clinton and John Kennedy it is evident that Clinton introduced economic policies, which transformed the federal budgeting and expenditure. Kennedy, on the other hand, played an important role in protecting the country against foreign invasion. Comparison of various leaders is important in expanding the knowledge on the topic of leadership and organization. It is also used in learning the various leadership styles that are used by the leaders (Creswell 189). Methodology and Data The research method employed in this study was qualitative. The researcher mainly relied on secondary and primary sources of data which provided reliable information on the topic. The researcher collected data by interviewing respondents who worked in government offices and other social institutions such as schools (Creswell 240). The researcher visited the respondents in the areas and managed to collect data by accessing relevant materials on the topic. To get information about the two mayors the researcher interviewed the city council officials from New York and Toronto. Results The researcher used a population sample of 25 respondents who were interviewed from various government offices and the city council departments. The following elements were considered for evaluation of leadership qualities. Leadership attributes Score (Good) Score (Bad) Good management skills 72% 28% Good Interpersonal skills 90% 10% Development Oriented 81% 19% Control over personal matters 70% 30% From the above table, good or great leaders scored higher marks on the above mentioned attributes. For instance, the respondents believed that all the leaders from Bill Clinton, John Kennedy, Michael Bloomberg, and, Rob Ford had good management skills. The other important element was the control over personal issues. The respondents believed that a good leader should have control over their private life. Uncertainty surrounding the results mainly emanate from the lack of accuracy of the information provided by the respondents during the interview. Everybody’s view is rather subjective, and might be based on understanding and information from other people. As such, only practical results can be properly evaluated. Conclusion Political organization and leadership are important areas of study which enable individuals to learn how organizations and regions are governed. Good leadership contributes to the development and growth of a given region in various aspects. However, the success of a leader depends on the leader’s personal characters and the leadership style used in influencing issues, such as management of public resources and other important political and economic matters of the nation. Shortcomings The short comings associated with this study mainly stemmed from the research method employed by the researcher and respondents who were interviewed. Also, situational or environmental factors must be taken into consideration, as the difference between pre-election times might be greater when compared to the leader who has already been elected. It is critical to base theory and practice on realistic conditions and empirical knowledge. Normative Implications Political leaders should uphold responsibility for issues that affect the society, and ensure individual discipline in the public domain. The amount of work that the leader has is a lot for one individual, so uniting the efforts in the fight for common goal must also be present. Considering all the qualities of a leader it is possible to see that the disadvantages must be minimal, if not non-existent at all. The leader can focus all attention on promoting policies and regulations that are promised to the people, leaving the minor organization and support to the party members. Personal life is closely conne cted to the position of the leader, so it must be kept proper and respectful. Works Cited Alford, Mimi Newman, Judith. Once upon a secret: My Affair with President John F. Kennedy and its Aftermath. London: Hutchinson, 2011. Print. Bloomberg, Michael. Bloomberg by Bloomberg. New York: John Wiley, 1997. Print. Creswell, John. Qualitative inquiry and research design. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2009. Print. Crick, Bernard. In defense of politics. London: Continuum, 2000. Print. Goddard, John. â€Å"Doug Ford, Athlete, business leader, MPP†. Toronto Star 22 August. 2011. Print. Morris, Roger. Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. Washington: Regnery Publishing, 1995. Print. Wren, Thomas. Inventing leadership: The challenge of democracy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010. Print. This research paper on Political Leadership and Organization was written and submitted by user Silas Richards to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Does the Executive Branch Check the Judicial Branch

How Does the Executive Branch Check the Judicial Branch SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Understanding how the United States government works is critical to succeeding on the AP United States Government and Politics exam. That includes having a solid understanding about how each piece of the federal government works together. One of the key components of this is the checks and balances system, which is where each branch of government checksor limitsthe power of the others. And unfortunately, understanding how those checks work can be a little confusing. That’s where this article comes in. Today, we’re going to investigate how the executive branch of the U.S. government checks the judicial branch. To do this, we’ll: Define the three branches of government Examine how the judicial and executive branches operate Answer the question, â€Å"How does the executive branch check the judicial branch?† So let’s get started! The Three Branches of the United States Government When the United States was founded in 1776, the federal governmentor the government that governs all the states collectivelywas split into three branches with equal power: the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the legislative branch. The idea behind splitting the government into three separate pieces was to make sure no one area of government held too much power. Remember: the United States broke away from England for many complex reasons, but a major factor was how much power the English government had over the original thirteen colonies. It’s no surprise, then, that the founding fathers were concerned about making sure that the federal government of the United States didn’t become as big and powerful as the English monarchy. Their solution was to create a three-part governing system where each branch could limit the power of the others. This is called a checks and balances system, which you can learn more about in our complete guide. For this article, though, let’s take a closer look at two of the three branches of U.S. government and see how the executive branch can check the judicial branch. The Judicial Branch: Definition and Explanation The judicial branch of the federal government is tasked with interpreting the laws, including Constitutional laws, which are created by the legislative branch. This happens through the court system, where attorneys bring cases before a judge (and sometimes jury). When a judge makes a ruling on a case, they are actually interpreting the law. That means they’re reading the laws and determining whether a defendant has actually broken them or not. In some federal cases, judges are actually evaluating the laws themselves to determine if they’re in violation of the constitution! For instance, in the famous case of Brown v. the Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that laws requiring the racial segregation of schools were unconstitutional. The U.S. Supreme Court While the U.S. judicial system is vastthere are both state and federal courts, each with different organizational hierarchiesthey both operate under the Supreme Court of the United States (or SCOTUS). Understanding what the Supreme Court is and how it operates is key to understanding how the executive branch can check the power of the judicial branch. You may have heard of the Supreme Court referred to as â€Å"the highest court in the land.† That’s because it’s the only part of the judicial branch that’s specifically required by the Constitution, though Congress determines the number of justices that serve as part of the Supreme Court. Currently, the court has nine justices, including one Chief Justice. The Supreme Court serves as the final say on all laws in the United States, and it also rules on Constitutional issues, too. The rulings of the Supreme Court directly affect how laws are interpreted, enacted, and upheld across the United States. Some of the most famous court rulings have done things like guarantee defendants the right to an attorney, legalized same-sex marriage, and invalidated laws preventing interracial marriages. So how does someone become a Supreme Court justice? (This is actually pretty important to understanding the executive-judicial checks and balances system.) First, they have to be nominated by the President, or the executive branch of government. The nominee then has to be approved by the majority vote of the Senate, which is a part of the legislative branch of government. Once appointed, justices serve on the court for the rest of their lives or until they voluntarily retire. Federal Appellate Courts But the Supreme Court isn’t the only federal court in the United States. Since the Supreme Court only hears 100 to 150 cases a year, most federal cases are heard and adjudicatedor decidedby the federal appellate courts. When a federal case goes to trial, it is heard in a U.S. District Court. That’s where prosecutors and defendants call witnesses to the stand, provide evidence, and try to prove their cases. After both sides present their cases, a judge or a jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. The defendant, however, has the right to appeal the U.S. District Court’s decision. When a case is appealed, it’s heard in appellate court. There are thirteen appellate courts in the United States. Each of the 12 regional circuits of the federal court system has their own appellate court. The 13th court is known as the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Unlike the other appellate courtswhich only adjudicate cases from their regional circuitsthe United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has nationwide jurisdiction. Its job is to hear appeals on topics like patent law, veterans affairs, and international trade. So what do the appellate courts do? Well, it’s the job of the appellate court is to determine the outcome of an appeal (just as their name implies). Unlike the original trial, which involves hearing testimony and examining evidence, the appellate courts don’t retry cases or hear new evidence. Instead, the case is reviewed by a panel of three judges in order to determine a) whether the defendant received a fair trial and/or b) whether the correct law was applied appropriately. If a defendant wins their appealmeaning, if the appellate court rules in the defendant’s favorthe case goes back to trial court to be heard again. If the appellate court affirms, or upholds, the trial court’s decision, however, the original verdict stands. The appellate court is an important part of the federal court system, and it helps ensure that people receive fair trials. And just like Supreme Court justices, federal judgesincluding the appellate court judgesare appointed by the President of the United States. The Executive Branch: Definition and Explanation The executive branch of the United States government is the branch that makes sure the laws of the United States are obeyed. The executive branch is split into three major groups. The first is the presidency, which we’ll talk about in more depth in just a second. The second group is the U.S. Cabinet, which is a set of advisors appointed by the President to help guide him on issues facing different sectors of the United States. The cabinet is comprised of the Vice President and the heads of the 15 major federal agencies. The third group of the executive branch are the federal agencies themselves, which help enforce laws in different legal and economic areas of the United States. For example, the Department of Labor oversees the American workforce, which includes making sure work environments adhere to federal laws (OSHA) and administering federal disability programs for people who are injured and/or no longer able to work (OWCP). But because the President is the head of the executive branch, it gives them the most power to check the judicial branch. So let’s take a quick look at the powers of the United States presidency. The Presidency The President of the United States has eight major roles within the government of the United States. They are: Chief of State: The President represents the United States to the rest of the world. Chief Executive: The President is the head of the federal government. Commander-In-Chief: The President commands every branch of the armed forces, and generals report to the President. Chief Diplomat: The President sets the United States’ foreign policy and appoints diplomats/ambassadors. Legislative Leader: While the President cannot make laws, they can ask Congress to do so and/or veto existing legislation before it’s passed. Chief Administrator: The President leads the executive branch of government, which includes more than 2.7 civilian employees. The President also appoints people to different roles, which includes appointing federal judges and nominating Supreme Court justices. Chief of Party: While this role isn’t specifically outlined in the Constitution, in modern politics, the President also serves as the head of their political party. Chief Citizen: This role isn’t specifically outlined in the Constitution either, but as Chief Citizen, American citizens expect the President to represent their interests and provide strong leadership. The role that matters most in terms of the executive branch checking the judicial branch is Chief Administrator because it gives them the power to appoint judges to long-serving positions in the justice system. How Does the Executive Branch Check the Judicial Branch? After reading the sections above, you’ve probably realized that the executive branch and judicial branch overlap...which is how the branches check each other’s power. Judicial-Executive Checks on Power Don’t worry, we’re going to get to know how the executive branch checks the judicial branch. But first, we need to take a short detour to explain how the judicial branch checks the executive branch. This will help things make more sense later. Since the judicial branch’s job is to interpret laws, they are constantly weighing in on laws signed into effect by the President (through their executive powers). Additionally, the judicial branch makes sure that the U.S. Constitution isn’t being violated. That means that members and departments of the executive branchincluding the Presidentcan be sued for violating their constitutional authority. For instance, when President Trump declared a state of national emergency to try and fund the building of a border wall, a watchdog group named Public Citizen filed a lawsuit against him. Their suit alleges that President Trump’s actions are unconstitutional, and now it’s the judicial system’s job to determine whether that’s true or not. If they rule against President Trump, it will serve as a check on his executive powers. Nick Youngson/The Blue Diamond Gallery Appointing Federal Judges It might seem as if the judicial branch has all the power over the executive branch. But that isn’t the case! One way the President checks judicial power is through his ability to appoint federal judges. Since the President is the Chief Administrator, it’s his job to appoint court of appeals judges, district court judges, and Supreme Court justices. There are more than 870 federal judgeships today, which means the President has their work cut out for them! It also gives the President quite a bit of power over how the justice system works. That’s because all federal judgeships are life terms, which means that once a judge is appointed, they serve in their position until a) they retire or b) they are impeached and removed from office due to misconduct. Once a judge leaves office, it’s the President’s job to appoint their replacement. That can really add upfor example, over the course of his presidency, former President Barack Obama appointed 334 judges, including two Supreme Court justices. Federal judges are an important part of the judicial process because they have the power of judicial review, which is the authority to interpret the Constitution. When a judge rules on a constitutional issue, their decision becomes legal precedent. Their ruling will now serve as the standard by which similar cases are judged. In fact, once a precedent is set, it’s uncommon for a court to rule against it. When Presidents appoint federal judges, they often consider both a judge’s pedigreeor their qualificationsalong with their position on key political issues. Often, Presidents appoint judges that share their ideas about how laws should work. This helps keep the judiciary in check, especially given that no party has ever held presidential power in the United States for more than 28 years (the Democratic-Republican Party held the presidency from 1801 to 1829). So how does this check judicial power? It means that Presidents can influence the political leanings of the federal court, and since judges serve a lifetime appointment, they can continue to impact the judiciary process long after a President steps down. For example, Judge George C. Young was appointed as a federal trial judge by President John F. Kennedy in 1961...and he served in office until 2015! The President nominates Supreme Court Justices. Justice Sonia Sotomayor was nominated by President Barack Obama. Nominating Supreme Court Justices The President’s ability to appoint federal judges is especially critical when it comes to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court only hears around 100 to 150 cases a year, but those cases change the ways laws are implemented across the country. For example, the Supreme Court’s ruling on Roe v. Wade in 1973 which made first- and second-trimester abortions legal in all 50 states. That ruling still stands and dictates law today, despite abortion being a hot-button political issue. Like we mentioned earlier, it’s the President’s job to nominate justices to the Supreme Court. The President often nominates judges who align with their political stances on critical issues. Because the Supreme Court is so powerful, the President’s nominations can have lasting impacts on the long-term political leanings of the Court. When the Supreme Court leans more liberal (or more conservative), it can impact how the Court rules on cases. For example, with the appointment of Justice Brett Kavanaugh in 2019, the Supreme Court now leans more conservative. The President’s power This effectively checks the judicial system by ensuring that the makeup of the Supreme Courtand its ideologyshifts from time. Every Thanksgiving, the President pardons a turkey. The President also has the power to pardon people, too. Pardon Power The last way that the executive branch checks the judicial branch is through the power of the pardon. Executive branch officials like state governors and the United States President can overturn convictions by the court. This only counts in cases where the criminal committed a crime against the state (in the case of a Governor’s pardon) or against the United States (in the case of a Presidential pardon). When a criminal is pardoned, their conviction is completely overturned and their record is expunged. That means it’s as if the crime was never committed in the first place! This allows the executive branch to check the judicial branch by ensuring that the judicial branch isn’t using its power unfairly. A good example of how the pardon power checks the judicial branch is the case of Patty Hearst. Patty Hearst was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for robbing a bank in 1974. But Hearst was also suffering from Stockholm Syndrome. She had been kidnapped and brainwashed by a militant organization months before the bank robbery. In 2001, President Bill Clinton granted her a full pardon, which absolved Hearst from any legal wrongdoing. What's Next? Now that you know more about the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the checks and balances system, it’s time to get to know the AP U.S. Government exam. Here’s our introductory guide to the AP U.S. Government exam that will help get your test prep off on the right foot. Not sure what to study? No problem. Here’s a compilation of the best AP U.S. Government notes to get you started. The AP U.S. Government exam has a section called the free response questions, or FRQs. They’re essentially short essay responses to prompts, and for many students, they’re one of the trickiest parts of the test. That’s why we’ve broken down how to answer them and earn top marks in our FRQ guide! Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Ashley Robinson About the Author Ashley Sufflà © Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. As a content writer for PrepScholar, Ashley is passionate about giving college-bound students the in-depth information they need to get into the school of their dreams. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Art of the 20th century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art of the 20th century - Essay Example Surrealism was a new way of expression and was based on the idea of higher reality of certain forms of association which had been neglected previously. In addition, it was based on the notion of the omnipotence i.e. the dominance and control of dream and in the impartial play of thought. Thus, surrealists sought to break the dreadlock of predictable ways of thinking. In essence, its experiments sought to highlight the task of the unconscious in creativity in a bid to be innovative (ibid 477). Given the fact that the surrealists were interested in the works of expression of the unconscious, and the finest place of longing in psychoanalytical theory, it was unavoidable that in the long run an effort would be made so as to bring together works of surrealism based on the theme of desire. One such attempt by surrealism was "surrealism: Desire unbound", an exhibition at fate Modem in London which lasted till the 1st of January, 2001(ibid). The exhibition was a major undertaking in which fourteen rooms were set by a given topic. It focused on specific artistic works and highlighted artists by name. This was such an inspiration to artists since most of the important and a great number of the lesser known facts and figures of the surrealist movement were represented there. During the exhibition, waiting rooms prepared the scene. Men shall know nothing of this was one of the artistic works at the scene presented by Max Ernst. The curator introduced his works by giving his theme. According to him, a theme vital to surrealism is its vision of man as a being driven by desire. The desire of surrealists was the authentic variety of the self in the inside. In itself, this is not a problem but it can also not be said to be the whole story. In addition, it implies that representations desire can be considered principarily as biographical (Summers&Claude 324). Marcel Duchamp's artistic work, the bride stripped bare by Her Bachelors. dominated the first room which was named after the artistic works reconstructed by Richard Hamilton. Duchamp can be said to be a very good place where a survey on surrealism can be carried out. From earlier days of Dada, an Iconoclastic vision was found at the frontage of the way out. Andre' Breton had a place written on Duchamp's massive influence. He explained that someday, one can question oneself as to what degree it will be measured legitimate to have painting continued as if the Bride stripped Bare had been created. The great works of glass bold in the room poses a mechanistic vision of sexual desire (ibid 324) The love and poetry room contains artifacts of surrealism as a Literary and a movement across the globe. In the room, there were publications and manuscripts. The small handbills were the most rewarding in contributing a lot to surrealism. "Parents-tell your dreams to your children" and most significantly, "surrealistic is Literature denied''. In this room, there was the first proposition that there was any form of union within surrealism since there were photographs of international groupings and meetings (Ruhr berg & Waither 477). The last room in the exhibition had enormous amounts of material, some of it unfamiliar. The material was laid out in an active manner and the subject is a legitimate one in surrealism. The material was disappointing though; it was ultimately not fulfilling due to a number of reasons. One is that whilst

Discuss the view that globalisation has generated conditions (in poor Essay

Discuss the view that globalisation has generated conditions (in poor countries) that are conducive to instability, conflict and the emergence of extremist m - Essay Example Globalisation has become an all pervading, all monopolising phenomenon. â€Å"Globalisation can be defined as a set of economic, social, technological, political and cultural structures and processes arising from the changing character of the production, consumption and trade of goods and assets that comprise the base of the international political economy,† â€Å"Globalization is by no means a new phenomenon: idea systems such as Islam or Marxism have had transnational appeal for centuries, and commodities and personnel have long been mobile (for example, there was greater demographic mobility in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries than today),† Kinnwall (2002, p.21). If that is the case, instead of making people and nations comfortable, why has the larger version of globalisation been generating a backlash today, in almost all the societies, other than most of the West? Definitely large forces are up and against it in the most negative way possible. It has been disliked even for its positive qualities. There is no denying that a kind of highly materialistic society is emerging out of globalisation, at the cost of ethics, values, and civilisations, while other issues like poverty, environment, international issues, labour and mainly Human Rights are being either sidelined or ignored. Blind forces of globalisation have continuously threatened the freedom of people in far-flung regions. Globalisation has been blamed as the Western tool of imposing their culture and ways of living. It has also ushered in an alien Western Democracy that has become unpopular in a hurry. People are more concerned with their independence, freedom, religion, customs and most of all, national economies. One main idea that is a hindrance is that economic and political systems that are in conflict with the western systems should either be modified or should

Elements of Moral Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Elements of Moral Philosophy - Essay Example The utilitarian primary goal is to maximize happiness. John Mill defined happiness as an existence exempt as far as possible from pain and highest possible enjoyment in both quality and quantity. In other words, if people want to embrace utilitarianism moral viewpoint, they would consider these principles to be morally binding. He claims that happiness is a foundation of morality since people desire to be happy. He also supports the claim, arguing that everything that human desires are to bring happiness. Mill argues that justice is based on utility since the rights are put in place for the human happiness. However, there is no agreement about the goals as people view happiness with considerable disagreement. People from varying cultural background may disagree more profoundly with these views. Utilitarian do not put more emphasis on the importance of motive when analyzing the moral of the action. Motives may be acceptable for an action if they deliver a positive outcome and overall best consequences. For instance, an individual may rescue people from an accident to get recognition; however, this does not take away from the good outcome. However, this theory has been criticized by arguing that happiness is not the only important thing. Critics argue that the theory does not provide enough protection for individual rights, as well as not everything cannot be measured by the same standards. Other issues have not been considered such as rights, justice, depression personal relationships, and neglecting our normal lives.

The Semiotics of Covers :: Books Reading Essays

The Semiotics of Covers I'm going to buy a book today - but not a school book, a real book - a bestseller. I walk past the harmonica man standing outside of the Brown Office Building, clamping my ears shut against the discordant melodies he's spewing out at me. I enter the Brown Bookstore - my Mecca, my Graceland. I strut past the tables near the door and walk toward the bestseller wall, my being allthewhile bombarded by hardcovers seeking my wandering eyes. Howard Stern in drag screams out at me from the left, something about Colin Powell and a journey crys out from the right. Wishing not to be manipulated into buying an expensive book, I squint my eyes and keep on walking, eventually reaching the ordering counter. I pause, close my eyes and turn around. As my eyes slowly open, my field of vision becomes filled with paperbacks. Hundreds of them, displayed out before me like some crude mosaic, each one lined up and facing me on tiny little shelves. They're all roughly the same size, all the same shape - the only thing that differs is their covers. Each book is showing me a different picture, a different color, a different font. Each book juxtaposes its elements in a different way, highlighting certain objects while de-emphasizing others. Each book is telling me something, trying to appeal to my gaze. What are they saying? Will it work? The study of these elements of the cover - each book's signs and the images/ideas they signify- is particularly appropriate in the case of bestsellers. This is not to say that the covers of bestsellers hold a monopoly on sign/signifier possibilities - nothing could be farther from the truth - its just that in the case of bestsellers, the effect these signs and signifiers have on the aura of a book are just more interesting. Proof of this all but surrounds us. Take a look at almost any other section in the brown bookstore: almost all books, with the exception of bestsellers and the very new releases, are presented on shelves with their binding pointing out. The only thing one can really ascertain when gazing upon these books is the title and color on the cover. Such elements are important, but don't grab the eye. Unless you're looking for a specific title or author, what you see on these shelves doesn't really effect one's eyes.

Sports and Drugs

Consider if steroids were legal, how much more exciting sports would be and t would be fair to everyone. Why: As an athlete and competing in a high level sport, I easily understand athletes and their reasons for doping in sports. At a high level you’re always striving to be the best you can be ad better than your opponents to win. Also, as a candidate for the Provincial and National Team for Canada I have experience in knowing what you need to know and expect while participating in these events.At a camp for team Canada, WADA showed up unexpectedly and took one of the girls’ urine test. So really this is why the topic of doping in sports caught my attention to is because I can relate to it and I’m interested in learning more about it. Why Illegal: it gives you an unnatural advantage against your opponent. Drugs or blood transfusions can provide a 5 or 10 percent advantage (Thomas Murray, Hasting report). Doping up your body and eliminating the concept of fair pla y is different from exceeding to your best abilities natural and being competitive.When participating in sports, it builds character to be determined, honest, and cooperative, but when an athlete pumps illegal performance enhancing drugs into their system it shows true character on what they would do just to win. It has a big effect on the athlete altogether. Doping also effects the psychological aspect of your morals and becoming a criminal by being dishonest and putting illegal substances in your body, it can be mentally damaging. Not only mentally damaging but doping messes up your body, the natural growth and development of it from unnatural drugs is something all athletes should be concerned about.Sacrificing your body to win isn’t a right way to compete. Most likely sport: From Peter Sullvan: The first overall highest percentage(3. 6) of positive illegal drug tests is cycling, in the 2006 tour de France( Including Floyd Landis in first) the top 5 placed athletes were al l guilty of drug use. Along with Lance Armstrong admitting to doping after winning 7 tour de France titles. Floyd Landis describes cycling as â€Å"Professional cycling is organized crime. † Coming in second not too far behind cycling is Weightlifting with a 3% average of positive testing.Seeing how these athletes need to lift mass amounts of weight, its almost predicted that this sport is top 5 for positive doping statistics. Turkey and Russia are common countries who’s athletes are accused of steroids. Thirdly, Boxing is a candidate for doping in sports with a 2. 9% average. A case in 2007 was where an anti- aging agency was distributing steroids to famous boxers such at Even Fields. Boxing requires strength and stamina and some feel the need to enhance their training with steroids to just be stronger than their opponents. Coming after boxing in fourth, is Triathlon.Athletes involved in this race are super humans, in perspective of many people. To run, swim and bike with out stopping is impressive and takes mass amounts of mental and physical strength. Lastly, Baseball makes top 5 sports in doping with a 2. 5% average in positive testing. Even though this sport isn’t in the Olympics, Major League Baseball players have been known for steroid use in the past of 1999 and early 2000’s, as well this past year 20 players got suspended for steroid use. Types: EPO (Erythropoietin): This is a method of an increase of blood oxygen.Erythropoietin is a natural hormone found in the human body. It revitalizes blood cells to have more oxygen, which then increases anaerobic activity. (Kelland, 2012). CERA(Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator): This is another form of EPO. It increases your blood oxygen level without having to inject yourself as often. Anabolic Steroids: This is a fake replacement of testosterone to help the body utilize protein allowing the athlete to train with more intensity, along with building muscle mass and strength easier. Another aspect is that it acts as an anti- inflammatory to recovery quickly.  (Kelland, 2012)Diuretics: A substance that can mask illegal substances so they wont be detected. Side effects of weight loss. (Kelland, 2012) Blood Doping: Methods of substances to enhance red blood cell mass, to move more oxygen to muscles which increases stamina. 2 types; Autologous is where you use your own blood from being put aside until needed. Homologous is where you take someone else’s blood that’s the same as yours. (Kelland, 2012) Insulin: This enhances glucose in take that helps increase endurance levels by making the storage of muscle glycogen bigger for the athlete.If not used properly it can lead to low blood sugar which leads to unconsciousness and seizures. (Kelland, 2012) Gender? : Which gender is most likely to dope in sports? Well males are a dominant factor for doping. They are much more likely to dope in sports by using steroids. Steroids effect women in a much more negative effect then it does to men. For women, steroids have side effects such as growing hair in unwanted places, clitoral enlargement, and deepening of the voice.T’s easy to tell when a women is taking steroids because of the testosterone over load in their body and manly features. Their physical, behavioural and functional part of the women’s body are out of natural sync as well. Why would women want to take steroids in the first place? other than getting very strong? Women want equality and by taking steroids they can feel equally strong as men in the same playing field. Who’s in charge? the name is WADA (World Agency of Anti Doping). This organization keeps it fair throughout sports.The Olympic committee wanted an agency like this for all countries to follow to specialize on key activities include scientific research, education, development of anti-doping capacities, and monitoring of the World Anti Doping Code and it was quite a success. A cool fact is that WADA’s headquarters is right in Canada, Montreal. Their objective is to have a doping free sporting environment. Consequences: As an Olympic athlete it is important to keep your body clean of illegal substances. Why? Some of the consequences are quite serious.If caught by WADA (The World Agency of Anti Doping) before the Olympics, he/she is suspended for 6 months or longer. (Freedman, 2012) If an athlete has cheated during an event, and won, their medal is taken from them and the results are re-evaluated. Conclusion: In conclusion doping in sports is a serious social issue that shouldn’t be taken lightly. Doping shouldn’t be seen as a way to make an athlete feel better. Not only are they cheating themselves, but they are unfair to their opponents and should take into consideration what mental and physical harm they are really doing to their bodies.WADA is a great service to help deal with keeping sports all around the world fair by testing athletes for performance enhancing substances in their bodies. As an athlete myself I choose to really look into this topic because I’ve dealt with WADA myself. If you are an athlete, beware of what you put into your body. Its important to train to your full potential without being artificially enhanced with chemicals. The natural way is the way to go! Most important thing learned was how harmful steroids can be to your body and mind. Always important to stay true to yourself and not cheat. Be the best you can be